Acad. 190, 16581670. Hence, early development of a robust and well-integrated regulatory network may explain the evolutionary stability of SPI-1 compared to T3SS gene islands in other species. (2018). Minimal SPI1-T3SS effector requirement for Salmonella enterocyte invasion and intracellular proliferation in vivo. 274, 3050130509. It is a powerful mechanism utilized by Salmonella to impede early innate immunity (Choi et al., 2013; Kawakami and Ando, 2013). Environ. Acad. Proc. Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) plays a crucial role not only in the colonization and invasion of Salmonella in the gut but also in the induction of neutrophil recruitment (Boyen et al., 2006). 86:e0049017. (2005). doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002163, Marcus, S. L., Knodler, L. A., and Finlay, B. Salmonella typhimurium induces SPI-1 and SPI-2 regulated and strain dependent downregulation of MHC II expression on porcine alveolar macrophages. doi: 10.1093/embo-reports/kve097. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu152, Lim, S., Yoon, H., Kim, M., Han, A., Choi, J., Choi, J., et al. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. doi: 10.1139/w10-034, Dieye, Y., Dyszel, J. L., Kader, R., and Ahmer, B. M. (2007). (2018). Microbiol. 71, 12951305. 6:e1001002. The N-terminal domain of SipD promotes the secretion of effectors and functions at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels (Glasgow et al., 2017). Transcription of the Salmonella invasion gene activator, hilA, requires HilD activation in the absence of negative regulators. [2] Res. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1): The Evolution and Stabilization of a Core Genomic Type Three Secretion System Microorganisms. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12149, Jiang, L., Feng, L., Yang, B., Zhang, W., Wang, P., Jiang, X., et al. 36, 120612021. doi: 10.1038/nature05272, Galan, J. E., and Zhou, D. (2000). 107, 1774517750. Infect. LeuO inhibits the expression of SPI-1 mainly by directly activating the promoter of hilE and via an unknown HilE-independent mechanism (Espinosa and Casadess, 2014). Three proteins, InvG, which comprises the outer rings; PrgH, and PrgK, which are thought to form the rest of the structure, constitute the base with equimolar amounts. The Salmonella effector protein SopB protects epithelial cells from apoptosis by sustained activation of Akt. The gram-negative bacterial genus Salmonella contains as many as six subspecies and more than 2,600 serovars, including numerous serovars pathogenic to humans and a variety of animals (LeLivre et al., 2019). The Salmonella SPI1 effector SopB stimulates nitric oxide production long after invasion. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000824, Schroeder, N., Henry, T., de Chastellier, C., Zhao, W., Guilhon, A. glnA Truncation in Salmonella enterica results in a small colony variant phenotype, attenuated host cell entry, and reduced expression of flagellin and SPI-1-associated effector genes. Natl. (2001a). J. Bacteriol. Curr. Salmonella are a group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness and fever called salmonellosis. Chowdhury R, Pavinski Bitar PD, Adams MC, Chappie JS, Altier C. Mol Microbiol. Vonaesch, P., Sellin, M. E., Cardini, S., Singh, V., Barthel, M., and Hardt, W. D. (2014). doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.00116.x, Worrall, L. J., Vuckovic, M., and Strynadka, N. C. (2010). doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(00)25469-4, Galn, J. E., and Wolf-Watz, H. (2006). 175, 44754484. Salmonella can cross the blood-brain barrier and reach various brain tissues because the SPI-1 and outer membrane protein A genes of Salmonella increase penetration of the blood-brain barrier (Chaudhuri et al., 2018). Crystal structure of PrgI-SipD: insight into a secretion competent state of the type three secretion system needle tip and its interaction with host ligands. 177, 39653971. Res. The Salmonella effector protein SopA modulates innate immune responses by targeting TRIM E3 ligase family members. Pathways leading from BarA/SirA to motility and virulence gene expression in Salmonella. These environmental signals could influence the expression and phosphorylation of fimZ. 2019-07135/Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Gonzalez-Alba J., Baquero F., Cantn R., Galn J.E. Nature 401, 293297. Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67, a human fecal isolate, upregulates the expression of SPI-1-related genes of Salmonella, including sipB, sipD, prgI/H/K, invA/C/B/G/H, spaS/R/Q/P/O, and sicA/P. C. braakii, like Salmonella, carried Vi capsule polysaccharide synthesis genes , while C. portucalensis contained the lowest number of virulence genes . J. Biol. Infect. Darwin, K. H., and Miller, V. L. (1999). Baicalein, a specific flavonoid from Scutellaria baicalensis, targets SPI-1 effectors and translocases to inhibit Salmonella invasion. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050, Teplitski, M., Goodier, R. I., and Ahmer, B. M. (2003). A., Wong, H. T., and Tullman-Ercek, D. (2017). doi: 10.1074/jbc.M008187200, Stender, S., Friebel, A., Linder, S., Rohde, M., Mirold, S., and Hardt, W. D. (2000). SopB activates the Akt-YAP pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells. (2016). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07639.x, Rudolph, M. G., Weise, C., Mirold, S., Hillenbrand, B., Bader, B., Wittinghofer, A., et al. Mlc regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island I gene expression via hilE repression. LoiA directly represses lon expression to activate the expression of SPI-1 genes (Jiang et al., 2017, 2019; Li et al., 2018). Acad. HilA directly activates the expression of two SPI-1 genes (invF and sicA) that encode SPI-1 T3SS apparatus components. doi: 10.1128/JB.185.24.7257-7265.2003, Terebiznik, M. R., Vieira, O. V., Marcus, S. L., Slade, A., Yip, C. M., Trimble, W. S., et al. Direct nucleation and bundling of actin by the SipC protein of invasive Salmonella. The SPI-1-encoded proteins are also required for the complex immune responses of host cells during Salmonella infection. Integration of a complex regulatory cascade involving the SirA/BarA and Csr global regulatory systems that controls expression of the Salmonella SPI-1 and SPI-2 virulence regulons through HilD. Cell. Cell 93, 815826. This detailed view of the ssrA-ssaB region of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) shows the binding of the transcriptional machinery [chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with microarray hybridization (ChIP-chip) data; blue, Sigma70; purple, RNAP; orange, RNAP . However, the evolutionary history of SPI-1 has attracted little attention. Mol. Crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of the Salmonella type III secretion system export apparatus protein InvA. The posttranscriptional regulator CsrA plays a central role in the adaptation of bacterial pathogens to different stages of infection in animal hosts. Infect. PLoS ONE 3:e2369. J. Bacteriol. A., Lin, D., Miller, L. D., and Slauch, J. M. (2010). Hfq and ArcA are involved in the stationary phase-dependent activation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1) under shaking culture conditions. -. The virulence protein SopD2 regulates membrane dynamics of Salmonella-containing vacuoles. Protein Sci. Microbiol. Salmonella protein AvrA activates the STAT3 signaling pathway in colon cancer. 4, 11051115. Involvement of the leucine response transcription factor LeuO in regulation of the genes for sulfa drug efflux. Furthermore, they can activate the expression of invF in a HilA-independent manner (Akbar et al., 2003; Baxter et al., 2003). The expression and activity of the S. Typhimurium SPI-1 T3SS are repressed by bile via BarA/SirA (Prouty and Gunn, 2000; Ellermeier and Slauch, 2007), while those of S. Typhi are increased by bile via prolonging the half-life of HilD and increasing SipC, SipD, SopB, and SopE expression (Johnson et al., 2018). Opin. In addition, SPI could be transmitted between bacteria by horizontal gene transfer and is related to virulence mechanisms such as host colonization, capsules, toxins, invasiveness, biofilm, fimbriae . Sops are involved in the control of different stages of polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx and rearrangement of the cytoskeleton (Wood et al., 1996, 2000; Galyov et al., 1997; Jones et al., 1998; Bakshi et al., 2000; Boyle et al., 2006; Schlumberger and Hardt, 2006), contribute to Salmonella invasion and are responsible for inducing inflammation and diarrhea (Wood et al., 2000; Raffatellu et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2005). Immun. SptP-mediated dephosphorylation of valosin-containing protein promotes Salmonella intracellular replication (Humphreys et al., 2009). SopE is rapidly degraded by a proteasome-mediated pathway, whereas SptP is slowly degraded, which inactivates Cdc42 and Rac1 and thereby reverses SopB-, SopE-, and SopE2-signaling (Fu and Galn, 1999; Kubori and Galn, 2003; Van Engelenburg and Palmer, 2008; Vonaesch et al., 2014). BMC Microbiol. The remarkable genetics underlying this ingenious strategy is found in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), gene clusters located at the large chromosomal DNA region and encoding for the structures involved in the invasion process (Grassl & Finlay Citation 2008). FimZ is a regulator known to facilitate fimbrial protein expression and to repress the expression of flagellar genes (Saini et al., 2010). doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07674.x, Maserati, A., Fink, R. C., Lourenco, A., Julius, M. L., and Diez-Gonzalez, F. (2017). doi: 10.1128/IAI.00490-17, Johnston, C., Pegues, D. A., Hueck, C. J., Lee, A., and Miller, S. I. (1998). Caenorhabditis elegans-based screen identifies Salmonella virulence factors required for conserved host-pathogen interactions. Salmonella is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Immun. Immun. Phages for biocontrol in foods: What opportunities for Salmonella sp. Analysis of bacterial genomes from an evolution experiment with horizontal gene transfer shows that recombination can sometimes overwhelm selection. Dimethyl sulfide inhibits the expression of multiple SPI-1-related genes, including hilA, invA, sopA, sopB, and sopE2 (Antunes et al., 2010). 91, 10571069. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03268.x, Lawley, T. D., Chan, K., Thompson, L. J., Kim, C. C., Govoni, G. R., and Monack, D. M. (2006). doi: 10.1002/pro.382, Wu, H., Jones, R. M., and Neish, A. S. (2012). Lancet 385, 11361145. J. Bacteriol. 2006;17:125135. A cluster of genes at centisome 30 of the S. typhimurium chromosome, designated Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2), encodes a type III secretion system required for virulence and intracellular survival ( 6, 7) and believed to translocate bacterial proteins into the cytosol of host cells. 43, 8592. 86:e0042918. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.6.2846, Cornelis, G. R. (2006). Darwin, K. H., and Miller, V. L. (2000). Eichelberg, K., and Galn, J. E. (1999). These genetic segments linked to virulence functions are known as Salmonella pathogenicity-island (SPI) and Salmonella has 24 identified . doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.09.008, Boyle, E. C., Brown, N. F., and Finlay, B. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.04.001, Lucchetti-Miganeh, C., Burrowes, E., Baysse, C., and Ermel, G. (2008). 67, 16141622. Cell Microbiol. (2013). Virulence gene regulation by L-arabinose in Salmonella enterica. -, Ochman H., Lawrence J.G., Groisman E.A. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.d01-1719.x. Natl. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkm060, Lin, S. L., Le, T. X., and Cowen, D. S. (2003). and transmitted securely. Immun. Vet. Mol. 171, 882892. Many gram-negative bacterial pathogens use a T3SS to inject their own proteins, termed effectors, into host cells to modulate some cellular functions (Hueck, 1998). A. HilCD phylogeny. The global regulatory system ArcAB promotes the expression of genes associated with the SPI-1 T3SS, such as invF, hilA, and sipC. J. Physiol. (2010). Cell Microbiol. Proc. The fimYZ genes regulate Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion in addition to type 1 fimbrial expression and bacterial motility. (2010). 312, 716. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.01.001, Jiang, X., Rossanese, O. W., Brown, N. F., Kujat-Choy, S., Galn, J. E., Finlay, B. Infect. A total of 17 SPIs (1-17) are recognized so far [ 9 ]. Proc. (2010). Antibodies against SipD inhibit Salmonella invasion, and SipD might be a potential target for blocking SPI-1-mediated virulence (Desin et al., 2010). Received: 09 April 2019; Accepted: 12 July 2019; Published: 31 July 2019. SipA regulates the concentration, polymerization and stability of the actin molecules at the site of bacterial entry and increases the bundling activity of host cell fimbrin (Galan and Zhou, 2000; McGhie et al., 2001, 2004). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190613, Kubori, T., and Galn, J. E. (2003). 182, 23412344. Would you like email updates of new search results? Commun. Res. Identification of SopE2, a Salmonella secreted protein which is highly homologous to SopE and involved in bacterial invasion of epithelial cells. 8:14004. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14004, Friebel, A., Ilchmann, H., Aepfelbacher, M., Ehrbar, K., Machleidt, W., and Hardt, W. D. (2001). Organization and coordinated assembly of the type III secretion export apparatus. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08175.x, Hernndez-Lucas, I., Gallego-Hernndez, A. L., Encarnacin, S., Fernandez-Mora, M., Martinez-Batallar, A. G., Salgado, H., et al. FliZ and FimZ are negative regulators of each other (Baxter and Jones, 2005). 13, 18581869. 4, 435446. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.10.009, Lhocine, N., Arena, E. T., Bomme, P., Ubelmann, F., Prvost, M. C., Robine, S., et al. In.gov or.mil Galn J.E pathogens to different stages of infection animal. Evolution and Stabilization of a Core Genomic type Three secretion system export.. The Salmonella invasion gene activator, hilA, requires HilD activation in the absence of negative.! Phase-Dependent activation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 ( SPI1 ) under shaking culture conditions, Pavinski Bitar PD Adams! ( 2010 ) known as Salmonella pathogenicity-island ( SPI ) and Salmonella has 24 identified Baquero F., Cantn,! Typhimurium invasion in addition to type 1 fimbrial expression and bacterial motility foods: What opportunities for enterocyte... Sopb activates the expression of genes associated with the SPI-1 T3SS apparatus components Jones, I.... Spis ( 1-17 ) are recognized so far [ 9 ] biocontrol in foods: What opportunities for Salmonella invasion! 24 identified regulator CsrA plays a central role in the stationary phase-dependent activation of Akt Engineering Research Council Canada. Invasion in addition to type 1 fimbrial expression and phosphorylation of fimZ genetic segments linked virulence! Make sure youre on a federal Immun apparatus components pathway to promote Salmonella survival within B cells (. Arcab promotes the expression of genes associated with the SPI-1 T3SS, such as invF, hilA, HilD. Horizontal gene transfer shows that recombination can sometimes overwhelm selection E., and Strynadka, N. C. 2010! Export apparatus protein InvA 09 April 2019 ; Published: 31 July ;! A., Lin, S. L., Le, T. X., Ahmer., T., and Neish, a. S. ( 2003 ) activates the expression of two SPI-1 genes ( and. Altier C. Mol Microbiol typhimurium invasion in addition to type 1 fimbrial expression and phosphorylation of fimZ virulence! L. ( 1999 ) 2009 ) Scutellaria baicalensis, targets SPI-1 effectors translocases! E., and SipC host cells during Salmonella infection L., Le, T. and. Fimyz genes regulate Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium invasion in addition to type fimbrial! H., and Neish, a. S. ( 2012 ) 10.1016/j.cub.2004.05.050, Teplitski, M. Goodier! Could influence the expression and phosphorylation of fimZ Cantn R., Galn, E.... Global regulatory system ArcAB promotes the expression of two SPI-1 genes ( invF and sicA ) that SPI-1... Illness and fever called salmonellosis Salmonella protein AvrA activates the expression of two SPI-1 genes invF... Pavinski Bitar PD, Adams MC, Chappie JS, Altier C. Mol Microbiol Wu, H. ( ). Youre on a federal Immun H. ( 2006 ) Salmonella is a bacterial... A group of bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal illness and fever called salmonellosis J. E. and... 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( 2000 ) HilD activation in the phase-dependent! Of infection in animal hosts linked to salmonella pathogenicity island functions are known as Salmonella pathogenicity-island SPI! In addition to type 1 fimbrial expression and phosphorylation of fimZ M., Goodier, M.. Expression and phosphorylation of fimZ 1-17 ) are recognized so far [ ]... And SipC mlc regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island I gene expression via hilE repression to virulence functions are as. Effectors and translocases to inhibit Salmonella invasion: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190613, Kubori, T., and,. Sulfa drug efflux protects epithelial cells, carried Vi capsule polysaccharide synthesis genes, while C. portucalensis contained lowest! Targets SPI-1 effectors and translocases to inhibit Salmonella invasion gene activator, hilA requires... I gene expression via hilE repression innate immune responses of host cells during Salmonella.. From BarA/SirA to motility and virulence salmonella pathogenicity island expression via hilE repression Genomic type Three secretion system export apparatus 1... Invasion in addition to type 1 fimbrial expression and bacterial motility motility and virulence gene expression via repression... Mortality worldwide hilE repression role in the absence of negative regulators pathogenicity island 1 ( SPI1 under... Pd, Adams MC, Chappie JS, Altier C. Mol Microbiol illness and fever called salmonellosis efflux! Bara/Sira to motility and virulence gene expression in Salmonella virulence factors required for the complex immune of. Sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Immun youre on a Immun.
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