The central element that distinguishes cultural populism from other forms of populism is its emphasis on race, ethnicity, religion and/or identity. Between 1990 and 2018, the number of populists in power around the world has increased fivefold, from four to 20. The People's Party was a political party founded in 1891 by leaders of the Populist movement. 4 (2017): 399411. One reason that populists have not yet assumed power over the government across much of Europe is that it can be more difficult for outsider candidates to gain outright control in parliamentary systems than in presidential ones. Although all forms of populism tend to be anti-establishment, this form of populism is different from both cultural and socio-economic populism in that the conflict is primarily with establishment elites rather than with any specific ethnic or social group. For example, populist anti-immigration parties present national unity as an urgent crisis that must be addressed. . On the other hand, some populists seem to be delivering economic boosts; at the very least, markets are not yet reacting strongly to the populist age. 11 (2011): 14471473. Taggart, Paul. Ruth, Saskia Pauline. Populists, by contrast, beyond the Peoples Party mentioned above, rarely call themselves populists.14Margaret Canovan, Populism (Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1981). Mudde, Cas and Cristbal Rovira Kaltwasser. Contemporary anti-establishment populism also adopts anti-corruption campaigns. Legislative Studies Quarterly The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Repression. There are three main strategies that populists use to stoke this insider-outsider division: Identifying With the True People Through Political Style. Noam Gidron and Peter A. Are all those who criticise the status quo populists? A prominent theme in this early literature was to see populism as a reaction to modernisation. However, we include the Maduro regime in the database as it is really one long spell of populism in the country. Despite these difficulties, some key trends in populism across Asia can be drawn out. Yet, any effort that did not acknowledge significant difficulty and uncertainty in such an endeavour would be insincere. Seligson, Mitchell. Yascha Mounk, The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2018). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first global database on populist leaders in power.45Several have developed databases for populists in power focusing on Latin America; see Robert Huber and Christian Schimpf, Friend or Foe? However, the ethnic dimension is inclusionary rather than exclusionary: in contrast to cultural populism, which is based on the idea that some should be excluded from the people, socio-economic populism may advocate the inclusion of previously marginalised ethnic groups as core members of the working class. Rather than rising off of the back of economic crisis, like the earlier wave of anti-establishment populism, this wave of socio-economic populism rose from economic good times. Given that political commentators often argue that the only way to effectively combat the rise of right-wing populism is with left-wing populism, in the future political systems may careen between right- and left-wing variants of populism.51Dan Kaufman, Progressive Populism Can Save Us From Trump, New York Times, 7 July 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/07/opinion/sunday/progressive-populism-wisconsin-trump.html; Chantal Mouffe, Populists Are on the Rise but This Can Be a Moment for Progressives Too, Guardian, 10 September 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/10/populists-rise-progressives-radical-right. Throughout the 1990s, anti-establishment populism was the norm. You have successfully subscribed. If undemocratic political institutions are to blame for the crisis in the first place, why should populists accept the constraints that those institutions impose to solve it? Larmer, Miles and Alastair Fraser. It's also a turning point for the global politics of climate change. We plan to update the database as we continue to consult with experts and as our understandings of populism evolve over time. Moffitt (2016) has developed a cross-regional list of populists, although his aim was not to create a comprehensive list of all populists who have attained executive office around the world. However, it is important not to overlook the authoritarianism that can underlie socio-economic populism. Italys Five Star Movement is an archetypal example of contemporary anti-establishment populism. Mike Pence and Bernie Sanders are hardly political allies. In short, for every potential case of populism that emerged either from our initial text searches or from our consultations with experts, we consulted as many credible sources as possible to ascertain whether the case in question met our definition of populism. In the early 1990s, many countries were embarking on market liberalisation for the first time; today countries are more likely to be dealing with the effects of years of openness and austerity. Concerns about declining economic status can raise the effectiveness of cultural appeals.37Noam Gidron and Peter A. Even though they do not win 100 per cent of the votes, they claim 100 per cent of the votes of the true, moral peoplethe only members of the political community that they characterise as legitimate. International Security This first report has a more modest goal: to define populism from a global perspective and identify some of its key trends since 1990. Testing the Influence of Populism on Democratic Quality in Latin America, Political Studies 64, no. Although these leaders have restricted political competition to varying extents, making it more difficult to launch effective opposition, there is evidence that they have remained remarkably popular, winning election after election throughout the 2000s and 2010s. This omits, for example, many cases of African and Middle Eastern populism. Yves Meny and Yves Surel (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 2544. In these cases, outsiders are criminals, drug users or other wrongdoers. In cultural populism, establishment elites are implicated primarily through their role in enabling too much cultural openness; in socio-economic populism, establishment elites are implicated mainly through their role in empowering economic elite and foreign interests. According to Mller, they only oppose those institutions that, in their view, fail to produce the . The electoral strategies of a populist candidate: Does charisma discourage experience and encourage extremism? Journal of Theoretical Politics 30, no. A second form of cultural populism has been majoritarianismthe idea that a 51 per cent or higher share of the popular vote entitles the winner to rule without interference from institutions like the judiciary or a free press. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 10. While low commodity prices make it harder to curry favor, populist . This type of populism could include everything from anti-immigrant manifestations in Europe and North America to Islamic populism in Turkey and Indonesia. Brading, Ryan. These names emerged as the potential list of populist leaders. It finds that: Watershed political events in recent yearsthe election of President Donald Trump in the United States (US), the Brexit vote, the electoral success of Italys Five Star Movement, Brazils sudden lurch to the right with the election of President Jair Bolsonaro, the doubling of support for populist parties across Europehave brought the word populism out of the annals of academic journals and into the headlines.1Martin Eiermann, Yascha Mounk and Limor Gultchin, European Populism: Trends, Threats, and Future Prospects, Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, 29 December 2017, https://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/european-populism-trends-threats-and-future-prospects. Indeed, political scientist Benjamin Moffitt defines populism itself as a political style. Populism allows a single answer to who should represent the people and, similarly, little room for debate about policy ideas. Although there is no single definition of populism, a number of characteristics can be attributed to it. The leaders claim a mandate from the people to curtail freedom of the press and undermine the independence of the judiciary. Chvez somos millones, t tambin eres Chvez!, Comando Carabobo, YouTube video, 9 July 2012, accessed 26 September 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4sdk7Zyaa8. This project aims to build a systematic understanding of how populists govern, including how they reshape state institutions, how they may or may not erode the quality of liberal democracy, and the economic policies that they implement. Jordan Kyle Aytac, S. Erdem, and Ziya Onis. The commodity boom enabled fiscal largesse that funded big patronage projects and buttressed populists political popularity. While there has been a relatively steady number of anti-establishment populists in power over time, the numbers of both cultural and socio-economic populists have grown dramatically (see figure 4). In this case, anyone who is not politically loyal to the leader or party is an outsider, a less legitimate member of the political community. In general, socio-economic populists strongly resist foreign influence in domestic markets. The solutions are less about having a convincing answer to a real challenge than about convincing supporters that, unlike the establishment elite, populists see and acknowledge the crisis and that their strong leadership alone can fix it. (Greeces Syriza party is an exception.) This reflects the fact that status quo policies have changed dramatically over the past 30 years. Populism is defined not by who is targeted by the politics of anger and resentment, but by the fact that populists draw the line between insiders and outsiders in the first place. Corrales, Javier, and Michael Penfold. 4 (2017): 456472. His support for populist parties in Europe and the United States is simply opportunistic: he will seek to bolster their . Chvez es Pueblo! We find that the number of populist leaders in power around the world is down from its mid-2010s high, but it is close to the same level as at the start of the last decade. Relying on the extensive scientific literature on populism, this report identifies 46 populist leaders or political parties that have held executive office across 33 countries between 1990 and today. Even if populist parties can win the largest share of seats, they often have to form a coalition government, which requires finding other parties willing to ally with them. Test yourself on the week of March 11: Saudi Arabia posts big oil profits, a Dutch populist party triumphs, and foreign films make headlines at the Oscars. Whereas some populist leaders have direct and unmediated linkages with their followers, others build dense party or civil-society organisations to structure and discipline followers. Articles were written calling Sanders the "Left's Donald Trump," the "Donald Trump of the Left," and other such monikers. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2013. Similarly, requiring that the populist leader or party has attained the highest executive office ignores many instances where populism has been highly influential yet has never risen to the level of controlling the executive branch. 3 (1997): 339370. Although most populists took it seriously, they still differed in how closely they abided by liberal democratic norms. 2 (2015): 189217. 4 (2017): 473487. de Castro, Renato Cruz. Beyond these two unifying claims, populists vary substantially in how they define the essential social conflict. Populism and neo-populism in Latin America, especially Mexico. Journal of Latin American Studies 30, no. info@institute.global, Copyright November 2018 by the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. Others still thwart independent institutions and democratic processes but deliver economic growth. 13-0004, Harvard University, 2013. 4 (2018): 653681. For a thorough treatment of populism in Central and Eastern Europe, see Ben Stanley, Populism in Central and Eastern Europe, in The Oxford Handbook of Populism, ed. A French Campaign Waged Online Adds a Wild Card to the Election, New York Times, 22 April 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/22/world/europe/france-election-jean-luc-melenchon-web.html; Slawomir Sierakowski, The End of Germanys Two-Party System, Project Syndicate, 23 October 2018, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/end-of-german-two-party-rule-by-slawomir-sierakowski-2018-10. LJUBLJANA, Slovenia A right-wing populist wave in Eastern Europe, lifted by Donald J. Trump's surprise victory in 2016, has not crashed as a result of his defeat last November. Caitlin Andrews-Lee, Hadas Aron and Yascha Mounk have provided invaluable feedback. The Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte is a prominent example of a populist rising to power through law-and-order rhetoric.48Nicole Curato, Politics of Anxiety, Politics of Hope: Penal Populism and Dutertes Rise to Power, Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 35, no. 1 (2011): 165202. 2 (2015): 189217. Already, the presence of populist parties on the political scene is making it harder for coalitions to gain a governing majority on either the centre-left or the centre-right. Is Chvez populist? Martin Eiermann, Yascha Mounk and Limor Gultchin, European Populism: Trends, Threats, and Future Prospects, Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, 29 December 2017, https://institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/european-populism-trends-threats-and-future-prospects. The following chapter lays out three main types of populism. Contrary to popular belief, the Russian president is no fan of populism. First, nativist populism has been particularly successful across Europe. Second, it claims that nothing should constrain the will of the true people. Resnick, Danielle. Silvio Berlusconi: Television, Power, Patrimony. Varieties of populism in a changing global context: the divergent paths of Erdogan and Kirchnerismo. Comparative Politics 47, no. Canovan calls this tabloid-style populism; see Canovan, Trust the People!. Developing a credible political response in the age of populism will mean taking the concerns that gave rise to populism seriously. 4 (2016): 872889; Saskia Pauline Ruth, Populism and the Erosion of Horizontal Accountability in Latin America, Political Studies, forthcoming. Given the difficulty of this exercise, a reasonable place to start is the extensive scientific literature on populism and the deep well of subject matter and case-study expertise that can be found there. The corrupt elites can include big businesses, capital owners, state elites, and foreign forces and international institutions that prop up an international capitalist system. 6 (2010): 1173. RafalPankowski, The Populist Radical Right in Poland: The Patriots (London: Routledge, 2010), 6. Former Argentine Presidents Nstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernndez de Kirchner claim to be the modern Juan and Eva Pern, carrying out the Peronist legacy and leading the Peronist party. Many socio-economic populists have been remarkably resilient in holding power. While parliamentary systems tend to give precedence to political parties, presidential systems favour individual leaders. Neoliberalism and the transformation of populism in Latin America: the Peruvian case. World Politics 48, no. Populism can be identified according to the prevalence of these two claims. Journal of Conflict Resolution Journal of Asian Studies Since the late 19th century, the label "populist" has been applied to a range of politicians, political parties, and movements, often negatively by their opponents. Gibson, Edward L. The populist road to market reform: Policy and electoral coalitions in Mexico and Argentina. World Politics 49, no. Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristbal, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo and Pierre Ostiguy. Their sentiment reflects the populism that has coursed through both political parties in the 15 years since shaky financial institutions last spurred anxiety about the broader economy. One need only look at the role of UKIP in forcing the June 2016 referendum on British membership in the EU to see that populist parties can exert tremendous influence over policy while commanding only a 13 per cent vote share.54Election 2015, BBC, https://www.bbc.com/news/election/2015/results. See Benjamin Moffitt, The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2016). 8 (2012): 947972. Venezuela, ruled under the iron fist of Chvezs successor, Nicols Maduro, is in economic and social freefall. Chvez somos millones, t tambin eres Chvez!, Comando Carabobo, YouTube video, 9 July 2012, accessed 26 September 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4sdk7Zyaa8. When Hugo Chvez attained office in 1999, Venezuela was a democracy. 2 (January 2006): 127. Ethnic majoritarianism has also been prominent across South Asia and Africa. Grzymala-Busse: Populism is an ideology that consists of two main claims: first, that the political and economic elites act in their own corrupt self-interest, and neither care about or respond to . de la Torre, Carlos. 1 (2008): 6283. This variant of populism has often been wedded to an economic affiliation with market liberalism. Yet all too often, by the time populism arises, these institutionslike the media, the judiciary and independent governmental agencieshave long not been working as promised. They first identify a particular failure. Too often, the label is hurled at political opponents rather than used to carefully compare and understand political movements. The people are seen as purely good and the elite as purely corrupt. Populism and the Two Faces of Democracy, Political Studies 47, no. Leaders of the recent populist wave have consistently sought to communicate: 1) That everything is going well (even if it isn't); 2) That problems are never too great or too difficult to be . 5 (2017): 357385. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. Between India, Indonesia and the Philippines, 40 per cent of Asias population is now governed by populist leaders. 4 (1999): 379401. Reflecting the fact that almost all studies of populism have focused on Europe and Latin America, even the definition of populism does not easily suit the Asian context, and it is difficult to neatly classify the cases into the types of populism identified in other parts of the world. Margaret Canovan, Trust the People! More broadly, strongmen with populist agendas have become president -- including Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines and Donald Trump in the United States. It enables populists to tap into the politics of anger and resentment, and to activate citizens fears about losing status in their own societies. FOLLOW US 3 (1985): 329348. He argued that populism is a thin ideology with two components: the idea of a pure people pitted against a corrupt elite; and the belief that politics should be an expression of the will of the people. Throughout the 1880s, local political action groups known as Farmers' Alliances sprang up among Midwesterners and Southerners, who were discontented because of crop failures, falling . American Politics Research The Populists were an agrarian-based political movement aimed at improving conditions for the country's farmers and agrarian workers. These wide-ranging leaders are often grouped together under the term populism. Conflict Management and Peace Science Moffitt, Benjamin. Eiermann, Mounk and Gultchin, European Populism. Hall, The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right, British Journal of Sociology 68, no. Jaffrelot, Christophe, and Louise Tillin. Reformism vs. populism in the Philippines. Journal of Democracy 21, no. By the 1990s, populism had evolved significantly from its earliest manifestations that emphasised redistributive social policies, implementing domestic industry protections and eschewing foreign-aligned elites. Likewise, some populist voters are motivated by multiple perceived problems and do not view populist leaders solely through an economic, cultural or anti-establishment lens. Populists are adept at linking failures in one policy area to failures in another, making them appear part of a broad and systematic chain of unfulfilled demands.28Ernesto Laclau, On Populist Reason (London: Verso, 2005). Asia: 40 Per Cent of Asias Population Governed by Populists. Alternatively, populists can organise their own political parties or co-opt the structures of existing parties to rally their base. Taggart, Paul. A University of Cambridge team say there are clear signs of a turning tide for the "populist wave", as the mishandling of coronavirus by populist leaders - along with a desire for stability and a decline in "polarising" attitudes resulting from the pandemic - starts to move public opinion. 4 (2017): 400412. By Arjuna. Considering the dramatic uptick in the populist vote share, it should perhaps be no surprise that populist candidates are beginning to gain power as well.5Ibid. Populists dramatise social divisions by using a rhetoric of crisis.27See Moffitt, The Global Rise of Populism, chapter 7; Benjamin Moffitt, How to Perform Crisis: A Model for Understanding the Key Role of Crisis in Contemporary Populism, Government and Opposition 50, no. Turkeys President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Russias President Vladimir Putin fall into this category. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 10. Although populism always shares these two essential claims, it can take on widely varying forms across contexts. Polish death camps, Washington Post, 31 January 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/polish-death-camps/2018/01/31/13c4dcd6-05e4-11e8-8777-2a059f168dd2_story.html?utm_term=.811bb0759303. Only with a clear and systematic understanding of the phenomenon can political leaders begin to offer meaningful and credible alternatives to populism. For cases of populism before 2014, we tried to obtain a minimum of three peer-reviewed sources for each case. 4 (2010): 154168. Dan Kaufman, Progressive Populism Can Save Us From Trump, New York Times, 7 July 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/07/opinion/sunday/progressive-populism-wisconsin-trump.html; Chantal Mouffe, Populists Are on the Rise but This Can Be a Moment for Progressives Too, Guardian, 10 September 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/10/populists-rise-progressives-radical-right. The people are defined in opposition to outsiders, who allegedly do not belong to the moral and hard-working true people. Then, anti-establishment populists belonged largely to what political scientist Kurt Weyland called neoliberal populism.52See Weyland, Neoliberal Populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe. Government and Opposition Raising political questions that have been too long depoliticised and promising institutional reforms are necessary and important initiatives that political leaders should undertake. https://institute.global/policy/populists-power-around-world, Hard-working, honest members of the working class, which may transcend national boundaries, Hard-working, honest victims of a state run by special interests, Non-natives, criminals, ethnic and religious minorities, cosmopolitan elites, Big business, capital owners, foreign or imperial forces that prop up an international capitalist system, Political elites who represent the prior regime, Emphasis on religious traditionalism, law and order, national sovereignty, migrants as enemies, Anti-capitalism, working-class solidarity, foreign business interests as enemies, often joined with anti-Americanism, Purging the state from corruption, strong leadership to promote reforms#. correct political outcomesthat is, those outcomes that favour the populist.36Mller, What Is Populism?, 61. The Rise of Leftist-Populist Governance in Latin America: The Roots of Electoral Change. Comparative Political Studies 45, no. facebook.com/instituteglobal China Quarterly One way researchers measure populism, and consequently determine whether a leader or party is populist, is through measuring language. These seemingly disparate phenomena can actually go well together, as both populism and structural adjustment emphasise concentrated executive power and share an adversarial relationship with organised civil-society groups, as well as with bureaucrats, whom both accuse of serving special interests.
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