Information gathering plays an essential part in any penetration activity. He was renowned for his ability to command military campaigns whose success owed a lot to his effective information-gathering and intelligence-led decision-making. Intelligence collection is a continuous process and there may be specific requirements for its recording and use. The U.K. experience is that carefully targeted digital intelligence generates pieces of the intelligence jigsaw, along with more traditional methods, to identify cyber harms and frustrate terrorist attacks. The UDA made Nelson their intelligence officer and gave him the task of picking Catholic targets for murder. It could be directed towards containing crime, to aid policy formulation and implementation, and monitoring the execution of government projects and programmes. Intelligence Challenges: Collection, Analysis, and Coordination A review of the long history of Indian intelligence failures illustrates the need for major systemic reform to achieve effective future crisis management. In addition, the Criminal Intelligence Service . Morten Storm, Agent Storm (London: Penguin Books, 2014). See Security Service Act 1989 s.1 and Intelligence Services Act 1994, s.1(2) and s.3(2). Those policy dilemmas are the subject of other chapters in this volume. That holds internationally, and it is worth citing here the strong international condemnation of Al Qaeda by the UN Security Council and the demand that relevant intelligence be shared.34 Jus in intelligentio issues, on the other hand, will always be troubling over how far states should go in their conduct of individual counterterrorism operations and the supporting intelligence activity. Reducing the risk, not eliminating it, is itself an ethical judgment since it involves accepting that there will be some continuing risk to the public. Psychology of Intelligence Analysis By Richards J. Heuer, Jr. (1999) Author's Preface This volume pulls together and republishes, with some editing, updating, and additions, articles written during 1978-86 for internal use within the CIA Directorate of Intelligence. . This principle provides the basis for ethical oversight of the artificial intelligence algorithms that are increasingly being used to question large data sets. Permission will be required if your reuse is not covered by the terms of the License. The Act creates more legal paperwork for the security and intelligence agencies in obtaining authority for the intelligence gathering, but the Act does provide a fast track process for emergency warrants to be executed, with judicial scrutiny then quickly following. n"?Y=b'zO%vXf YR=K{q;>N0~ u`1 dmolof@americanprogress.org. Business Intelligence by S. Negash BI systems combine data gathering, data storage, and knowledge management with analytical tools to present complex internal and competitive information to planners and decision makers. Nevertheless, the record in disrupting terrorism in the U.K. is impressive (for example, fifteen plots in the eighteenmonths from mid-2019). For example, the inquiries by Chief Constable John Stevens and by the Canadian Judge Peter Cory examined allegations of collusion between the British Army and Loyalist paramilitary groups, subsequently investigated in detail by Sir Desmond de Silva, who concluded there was an absence of clear structures and guidelines to ensure accountability for the use and dissemination of intelligence and to ensure intelligence is not exploited illegally, had been https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-report-of-the-patrick-finucane-review (accessed March 27, 2020). This PDF is auto-generated for reference only. hb```c``! [1] The circuit is completed when decision makers provide feedback and revised requirements. In relating to intelligence gathering, he opined that information The Nigerian security agencies in conjunction with that meets the stated, understood needs of National Intelligence Agency (NIA), the arm saddled policymakers collected, refined and narrowed the with international security, are touted to have lost their accomplished goal; i.e. hL) B` (]C@ S Gathering intelligence on financial markets makes a vital contribution to that understanding. The GCHQ web-site for example emphasizes the values set by Director Jeremy Fleming od Integrity, Ingenuity, Impact and Teamwork, working lawfully, ethically and impartially, https://www.gchq.gov.uk/section/culture/our-values (accessed April 2, 2020. And different sources of data can then be collated and compared and mined. Human agents who are members of terrorist organizations may well already have committed serious crimes and be continuing to participate in the activities of the group, including engaging in criminal and violent behavior. 33. Protect involves identifying where major vulnerabilities exist in critical infrastructure in relation to intelligence assessment of the likely capabilities and intentions of the terrorists. Assessing proportionality has to be done by carrying out a balancing exercise in which the potential for harm to others of operations are set against the harms to the public that they are designed to avert, for example, from engaging the privacy rights of those not the subject of investigation set against the saving of life and damage to property from stopping terrorist and cyber-attacks. Arrested by a senior British police officer, he stood trial for murder with the Colonel heading the intelligence unit having to give evidence in his favour. 'M|`N"74xD1`yW^Pb` 0wC0 A!C endstream endobj 192 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 122 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R 213 0 R]>>/Pages 189 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 193 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Thumb 114 0 R/TrimBox[0 0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 194 0 obj <>stream PDF, 729KB, 19 pages. Great care is also needed in resettlement of agents and their families, not to leave them vulnerable to detection and reprisals. Intelligence is information gathered within or outside the U.S. that involves threats to our nation, its people, property, or interests; development, proliferation, or use of weapons of mass destruction; and any other matter bearing on the U.S. national or homeland security. 6. Terrorist violence can sometimes be calibrated and goal specific. "Intelligence is information and information gathering, not doing things to people; no-one gets hurt by it, at least not directly. Human intelligence (HUMINT) are gathered from a person in the location in question. Regulation with the Secretary of State (Foreign Secretary for overseas and Home Secretary domestically) personally signing bulk warrants subject to judicial review by a senior judge acting as Commissioner, who with a team of inspectors ensures the work of the agencies remains within the law. to keep track of internal and intellectual prowess . 42. This thesis is on how to elicit intelligence from human sources with the principal aim being to examine the efficacy of the tactics employed by the renowned WWII interrogator Hanns Scharff. In the U.K., the lead on alerts is taken as a professional judgment by the Joint Terrorism Analysis Center, based in MI5 headquarters, independently of Ministers. The sharing of intelligence between nations with different moral and legal codes of practice requires constant ethical attention47: Nations have different standards of behavior, for example, in interrogating detainees. Four years ago, the United Kingdom Parliament after extensive scrutiny passed (by a large cross-party majority) a comprehensive law regulating intrusive intelligence gathering. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. An important component of the Pursue strand was working with close allies on intelligence gathering and analysis, and with nations around the world also suffering from jihadist extremism. There is a tension nevertheless between the outreach by welfare, health and educational services at a local level to help safeguard young people from being influenced by violent ideologies and the continuing national need to obtain intelligence through intensive surveillance on those activists currently engaged in radicalizing young people. 28. 9. Effective and modern intelligence presupposes that, like the U.K., national services are given this possibility in law. Fawaz A. Gerges, The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), ch. 20. 1. 19. The data available on social media sites can be either open to the public (e.g., Public posts on Facebook or LinkedIn) or private. The online threatscape in 2023 is characterized by an unprecedented variety of actors, types of operation, and threat response teams. The unit also provides security for dignitaries and investigates threats against Portland officials and those involving workplace violence. The company's situation undoubtedly will change based on those actions. GEOINT is the type of information-gathering discipline that evaluates geospatial information related to activities happening on the earth. 1. The 2016 Act has enhanced public trust in the security and intelligence authorities, whilst the secret agencies and their law enforcement partners have been able to use these powers effectively. 3099067 Intelligence gathering is a necessary tool law enforcement agencies needs for countering criminal activities in society. %PDF-1.7 % An example of a security gap identified by secret intelligence was the discovery in 2006 of a U.K.-based terrorist group that had worked out how to smuggle liquid explosives onto aircraft to bring down multiple airliners over the Atlantic.17 The ingredients for the explosive were to have been hidden in intact soft drinks bottles and detonated by adapting a disposable camera. They received long prison sentences. THE ISSUE. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, 2nd ed. The assessment and investigation process helps us. (2023). It will self-evidently help if there is running through the CT strategy a set of shared ethical premises. 3. When a terrorist attack is foiled, or a supply of arms to a terrorist group is frustrated, they will naturally see those beneficial outcomes as ample justification for the ethical risks they know they will have been running in their operations, whether by human or technical intelligence gathering. The use of artificial intelligence algorithms to identify individuals of interest and patterns of covert communication is now becoming commonplace. Following the Audit Commission's review of crime management 'Helping with Enquiries Tackling Crime Effectively', the Association of Chief Police Officers and Her Below are the Open Source Intelligence Tools most often used by penetration testers and even malware actors to gather information about the specified target. ), Designing Resilience (Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 2010). Basic Google searches, like site:company.com filetype:pdf will reveal them. Home Office, Security and Intelligence Agencies Retention and Use of Bulk Personal Databases, Code of Practice, 2016, para. Intelligence Gathering is performing reconnaissance against a target to gather as much information as possible to be utilized when penetrating the target during the vulnerability assessment and exploitation phases. World.pdf. Critical community infrastructures such as those related to food, agriculture, public health, telecommunications, Gathering marketing intelligence is now a key strategic initiative in every notable company across the globe. specialist units have long made good use of intelligence, surveillance and informants for identifying active criminals and gathering evidence of their activities. Sources like satellites, maps, signals, and even IMINT sources help you get GEOINT information. The chapter concludes by identifying specific areas of counterterrorism work today that continue to raise significant ethical issues. 37. To rapid a compression and the temperature rise may spark a conflagration. 12. Standardisation of reporting provides a shared confidence between law enforcement communities and partner agencies. Further, review all security measures concerning members of the Contify is an artificial-intelligence-enabled, competitive, and market intelligence . Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Criminal Intelligence - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Private information -such as contents shared with friends . For example, in the case of bulk access to communications data that the application of some filtering or other targeting or selection mechanism has an acceptable likelihood of pulling out for the analyst material that is relevant to an authorised intelligence requirement. Today, vital intelligence on terrorism and cyberattacks comes from access to big data sets plus the skill to mine them with artificial intelligence algorithms, carefully coded to have a reasonable likelihood of selecting for the analysts information of value for authorized investigations. The heart of an integrated CT strategy lies in having a strategic aim that can be shared by all those with a contribution to make from central government and its departments and its security and intelligence agencies, the armed forces, police services, local government, private industry and the voluntary sector, and of course members of the law abiding public acting sensibly in terms of reporting suspicious activity and community concerns. Wrangling what might be dozens or hundreds of social media profiles is a bit much for early reconnaissance. These new realities require increased collaboration in information gathering and intelligence sharing. The agent may come under suspicion and be expected to prove loyalty and reliability to the terrorist leadership, for example, by asked to execute suspected informers or prisoners. They judge the rightness of their actions by their consequences. These are all groups with very different institutional cultures and levels of experience of terrorism yet all have to be orchestrated to work together toward a common aim. The ethical risks of intelligence operations should be kept in line with the harm that it is intended to be prevented by them. Ethical risks also arise from the privacy intrusions of intelligence access operations, in particular those that access personal data in bulk, from example from fibreoptic cables, satellites or microwave links and from databases of personal data relating to individuals. Raising the game for clean sport | World Anti-Doping Agency People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. Jack McDonald, Enemies Known and Unknown: Targeted Killings in Americas Transnational War (London: Hurst, 2017). Social media intelligence (SOCMINT) is a sub-branch of Open Source Intelligence (OSINT), it refers to the information collected from social media websites. Try searching. Specific areas of counterterrorism work that nevertheless continue to raise significant ethical issues are identified. Intelligence officers have, for example, at times to lie and deceive as part of their tradecraft, yet such behavior cannot be advocated as a universal habitand indeed were such behavior to become widespread then no-one would ever be believed. Intelligence-gathering tools, techniques, and procedures have long existed and been used for offensive and defensive military and government operations [14]. hVYo8+%"^"8FNfl2J4kc!3. It may also be classified as confidential or sensitive. The CONTEST strategy used the risk equation, well known in insurance circle, to link the different ways in which government can act to reduce the risk to the public from terrorism. For the liberal democracies there need be no necessary conflict between freedom, liberty and security. Terrorism is a tactic resorted to by anarchist, insurgent, dissident and disaffected violent groups, differing in their objectives but all having in common the desire to put the public, or a significant section of society such as the police and security forces, in fear and thus apply pressure on government to change course in a direction sought by the terrorists. In particular, three key interlinked intelligence failures have occurred at differ-ent levels. 40. Intelligence-led policing and problem-oriented policing are two of the most developed approaches to maximising the effective allocation ofpl ic rs ut d m.Th constitutes the basis of the National Intelligence Model, which has been adopted by all police forces in England and Wales. It uncovered that an intelligence-led approach was adopted for all key service areas and not just crime with . That is a values-based test. By motivation is meant what caused the officer to do the action (i.e., their reason for doing it). 12. To request a reprint or commercial or derivative permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below. But the UN Declaration of Human Rights has an absolute prohibition on torture: No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.30 That seems one suitable ethical boundary fence to place around the consequentialist reasoning of security and intelligence officers. For a detailed analysis of the legal context for CONTEST see Clive Walker, Terrorism and the Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) for which the author was a consulting editor. The agency must therefore be confident that filtering and selection processes are sufficiently discriminating so as to minimize the extent of invasion of privacy of the innocent.46. (PDF) The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of Interrogation Methods The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of. Gathering intelligence and using it as a decision-making tool far predates the advent of computer systems or cybersecurity. A novel experimental set-up (as well as new dependent measures) was introduced to evaluate the efficacy of different human intelligence gathering techniques. Examples of types of human intelligence activity liable to give rise to significant ethical issues include: The recruitment of sources can involve explicit or implicit coercion. Study the area where information-gathering takes place carefully: Open and closed streets, residents' customs, ways of dressing, and accent. 2. Such proportionality judgments involve weighing up many kinds of uncertainty, for which the U.K. Courts have been willing to allow a margin of appreciation for the decisions taken by the security and intelligence agencies.38 There is also an element of counter-factual thinking involved in the balancing act when it comes to authorisation of an operation, since not conducting the operation also involves potential ethical risk. By analogy, right in the secret intelligence context means both that the go-ahead is given by someone who has the authority to give it under rights-compliant law and that the decision is taken at a senior enough level appropriate to the ethical risks that may be run (the activity is then not arbitrary in the words of the UN Human Rights Declaration). The gathering of information for intelligence purposes often comes from interviewing a variety of individuals. 38. In all likelihood, this approach will become a required element for information sharing, particularly with the FBI and the Department of 45. David Omand and Mark Phythian, Principled Spying: The Ethics of Secret Intelligence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018), 16. Public health intelligence (PHI) is the process of monitoring global health threats by gathering and monitoring information on public health events via open source, governmental, and other domains of intelligence. 16. 31. Intelligence based Investigation(IBI)is a methodology which is essential in producing efficient and effective intelligence for the purposes of open investigations.The IBI approach not only shortens the completion time of an investigation but also enables effective pooling of various expertise needed in This is where sensitive recruitment and training in personal value ethics at least ensures that the intelligence officers recognize when they are sinning against conventional morality and that they weigh up before acting the ethical risks involved and whether their actions are really necessary and proportionate in the circumstances. Report PDF (101 KB) (Security cameras) When the Soviet Union shot down a U-2 reconnaissance aircraft on a mission in the airspace over . A 2020 Google search of No More Pearl Harbors produced 4,680,000 results. It is produced through an integration of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information. Some agencies do indeed carry out covert action, which confuses the ethical issues, but this a separable and subsidiary function" (Herman, 2004, p. 180). Secret intelligence by definition involves stealing secrets from those determined that their secrets should not become known.1 To overcome the will of the person with the secret inevitably means accepting the ethical risks of covert activity such as intruding on privacy by accessing personal communications and by authorizing agents running inside deeply criminal terrorist networks. 32. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. Go to http://www.NBCUniversalArchives.com to license any portion of this video.In 1975, Senator Frank Church appeared on Meet the Press and raised serious co. Director. Additional Protocol 1 to the 1949 Geneva Conventions applicable to armed conflict places a requirement on a military commander to be able to justify that an operation is a necessary part of achieving his military aim. 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