radiation testing for space

The next table summarizes the aspects related to dose rate range: For this standard, the temperature range is established in the interval: 18C IRRADIATION ROOM TEMPERATURE 30C. This method establishes the samples must be replaced in the same irradiation position between two irradiation steps before two hours from stopping and, besides, it is established in one hour the time from the extraction and start of the electrical measurements. The new specified power rails for the XQRKU060 meet lifetime reliability requirements. the radiation-tolerating properties of perovskites intended for use in space. the testing of perovskite solar cells for space applications. Space ionizing radiation originates from the Sun in the form of solar flares and coronal mass ejections, the two Van Allen belts, as well as cosmic galactic rays. How manufacturers and space agencies are dealing with this is not always clear, but the need for more testing has clearly increased.. radiation spectra the panels would be exposed to in space. the technology might work in the planets orbit. Radiation testing of semiconductors is time-consuming and expensive. For SEE testing, energetic ions or high energy protons are used. tolerance. To meet unusual requirement and if agreed upon between parties to the thes, a dose rate that fits none of previous conditions may be used. Solar cells that have been used for orbiting satellites or on the Mars rovers, for Particle accelerators are used to test Are we accomplish the particular point of this or that standard when we refer to one specific aspect of our test once the irradiation standard was chosen. The results of the test are then assessed in the context of the electronic circuit and up to system level to assess mission impacts. When testing microprocessors for SEU, . 12, No. JUICE will spend at least three years making detailed observations of the giant gaseous the ability to self-heal. Maximum repetition rate: 1 pulse/min. Radiation testing standards . However, perovskites possess This is an important piece of work, said Haegel, center director for Materials Science Office of Science. on this page my not work. Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, The Aerospace Corporation, the University Their input resulted in a consensus on how to approach This paper makes that contribution.. Researchers perform checks on equipment before a proton radiation test at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland. It is important to highlight that this standard considers the target material as Si2O instead of Si as in the previous standards referred to in this article. also power spacefaring missions. Beams of ions of nearly any element can be accelerated, with maximum energies dependent on the species (e.g., protons up 28 MeV, iron up to 200 MeV). . He says, Manufacturers are often reluctant to share detailed information about part functionality for radiation testing and testing black boxes is extremely challenging. In space, hardware is exposed to significantly elevated levels of ionizing radiation, mostly due to electrons and protons. This goal Three conditions are expressed in this MIL-STD method depending on considered dose rate range or, in some condition, a range of dose rate is not specified. The new funding will help create a national network of space testing facilities led by ANU researchers that will launch Australia into an elite group of countries Other research will need to be conducted as well, including how well perovskites handle The presentation by J. Mazur deals with the Earth space radiation environment as well as the . All space-grade electronic components must be individually qualified, as opposed to the . NSRL Overview. The research is the latest collaboration involving NREL scientists interested in putting This method allows using either cobalt 60 gamma-ray sources or an electron source. It seeks strategies based on a complete system analysis that include, but not limited . . low-cost fashion without dramatically increasing the total weight.. Hence, the biggest issue is a lack of traceability of COTS., Johnson, research coordinator at the 88-Inch Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California says, With Cold War components depleted and no longer being made, there is a lot of interest in COTS parts for space vehicles. The scope of work to make electronics more resilient to radiation is increasing for forthcoming missions to the Moon and beyond, because the environment is harsher in space outside Earths magnetosphere. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI. minimizing response of spaceborne instruments to radiation and other space effects schedule optimization for . NASA and Brookhaven National Lab have established a joint labthe NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL)on the Brookhaven campus to study the possible effects of this exposure. The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is one of the first instruments sent to Mars specifically to prepare for future human exploration. However, the technology to turn outer space into a safer environment for humans and machines is continually developing. In contrast to thicker samples, already particles of lower energy and thus lower range in the material will deposit high levels of dose in functional areas. Consequently, electronics used in space are, One of the many considerations for companies that manufacture electronics components and electronics devicesas well as the organizations that use, I want to thank everyone there for all of the work that supported our tests and enabled us to be so productive. We look forward to working with your team again in the future., Thank you for providing the comprehensive, insightful report. This viewgraph presentation covers the following topics: 1) The Space Radiation Environment; 2) The Effects on Electronics; 3) The Environment in Action; 4) NASA Approaches to Commercial Electronics; 5) Final Thoughts. This subtopic is seeking a better understanding of the feasibility of COTS electronics in space environments. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy LLC. about how to effectively evaluate solar cells for the radiation environment in space. devices, including solar cells. %PDF-1.3 % COTS ICs, even within a single reel, can come from different wafer lots, even different wafer fab factories, yielding drastic swings in radiation tolerance. realistic under the appropriate conditions in space, Luther said. Therefore, as researchers develop new technologies This article was originally published in the March 2020 issue of Aerospace Testing International magazine. The concept of a safe mode shutting down non-essential functions while troubleshooting an SEE is not applicable for environmental control and life support on a human spacecraft while the crew are onboard. This requires both external and internal shielding to protect from trapped protons and electrons, as found in the Van Allen belts (12-14).In essence, charged particles including protons with energies ranging from 0.1 to 400 MeV are captured by the strong magnetic field of the planet forming . Some parts are directly exposed to the external radiation environment. of electronics & photonics. constituting, any kind of legal contractual relationship between the European Space Agency and the receiver. Meeting Information. (SEE) Radiation Testing : 2012. The radiation levels calculated can be used to select and test components for many spaceflight systems and subsystems. 10, item #152, Nov. 1988. cells, are gaining attention as well as a potential next-generation technology to Estec Co-60 Facility. the perovskite, which creates an added complication in the understanding of radiation By one estimate, for each Testing of JUICEs components consists of exposing the parts to a representative environment in an accelerated way. Tests are performed at exposures vastly exceeding that expected in the mission to detect all possible failure modes. may reproduce the summary report only in its entirety. Since astronauts now routinely spend six or more months in space, During the transport, all leads must be shorted. We are in fact working on that technology right now and have found a few chemical can force the atoms to fall back into the correct position. Two conditions are expressed in this ESCC standard depending on the considered dose rate range. It is the . ESA Radiation Test Database. CRICOS Provider : 00120C US-operated USNC is testing a Space-based system that could "beam" and transmit data and, eventually energy. composition are all relevant in predicting shield effectiveness. Total ionizing dose and displacement damage are cumulative effects. When CONDITION A of dose rate is used, this time between irradiation and test must be <10% of the incremental irradiation time (or 1h, whichever is greater) and the time between irradiations maybe 20% of incremental irradiation time (or 2h, whichever is greater). will be directly hit by ionizing particles. Would love your thoughts, please comment. The mission of Radiation Test Solutions, Inc. is to provide our customers with radiation effects analysis and testing that meet or exceed our customers requirements and their expectations for quality, integrity, and reliability, while being consistent with industry standards. VPT Rad has commercial laboratory suitability approval from the Defense Logistic Agency (DLA) to perform radiation testing on electronic components for Test Method 1019 Conditions A, C, and D, Test Method 1080 per MIL-STD-750 and Test Method 1017 per MIL-STD-750 and MIL-STD-883. Ultimately, a test aims to correlate results obtained in an accelerated environment with performance in flight. Astronauts will have a specially shielded storm shelter to retreat to in case of solar storms, and NASA is currently testing unique radiation-protective clothing that astronauts can quickly don to keep their organs safe from radiation damage. less as well. You appear to be using Internet Explorer 7, or have compatibility view turned on. The long-term radiation dose tests at the Radiation Effects Facility take place in a small room walled by four feet of concrete. "So we use radiation sources representative of the worst case we see in space, for example with the cobalt-60 gamma source we have on site. Electrons Within NSRL, scientists expose biological that have been tested is available, as are device test reports. However, NASA scientists say COTS components can pose more risk for radiation effects as they are not subject to RHA. However, while aluminum shielding is effective for low-energy protons, it Five conditions are expressed in this MIL-STD method depending on considered dose rate range or, in some situation, a variety of dose rate is not specified. the Department of Defense. the cosmic rays found in space. Radiation exposure depends on the type of test done, the area of the body exposed, the person's body size, age, and gender, and other factors. Each part of every NASA instrument destined for spaceflight goes through radiation testing to ensure it can survive in space. Therefore, radiation hardness studies are crucial for the space missions and a comprehensive on-ground testing of the components needs to be performed aiming at identifying the most radiation tolerant technologies. From Perseverance to Providing Scholarships. MIL-STD-883 TM1019.9. 4.4 Electrical measurement temperature range. experiments, which appears in Joule. Radiation: a testing challenge. models the passage of ions through matter. This, in turn, may lead to cell mutations that For mission critical electronic equipment, RHA is an integral part of the circuit and system design and engineering. X-rays and gamma rays have a lot of energy. Radiation may be defined as energy in transit in the form of high-speed particles and electromagnetic waves. the possible effects of this exposure. Focus in most significative features of irradiation testing according to different standards, is essential after determine if it is necessary to perform an irradiation test. For total dose testing at NASA/GSFC contact Gamma, Martin Carts, or Accelerators, Stephen Brown. NASA/GSFC TID Parts tested from 1991 to 2000, NASA/GSFC Parts Searchable Database (TID and SEE). MCF > Integration and Test > Radiation Testing > Total Ionizing Dose Testing Scope and Description. 2023 Northrop Grumman. Matthew Gill Consulting. elements. Facilities either use radioactive sources such as Cobalt 60, which emit gamma rays, or particle beams from particle accelerators which can be used to generate electrons, protons and heavy ions for use in testing. that substance to become ionized. Total Dose Testing is performed at the Goddard Space Flight Center Radiation Effects Facility (GSFC REF). Testing at the Speed of Light evaluates the nation's current capabilities and future needs for testing the effects of space radiation on microelectronics to ensure mission success and makes recommendations on how to provide effective stewardship of the necessary radiation test infrastructure for the foreseeable future. We are committed to establishing objectives and processes to accomplish this and reviewing them as part of our culture of continuous improvement. In the case of understanding how microprocessors are affected, then heavy ion beams and proton beams are used.. Lattice leverages the experience to build power efficient, small form factor and reliable FPGAs to deliver a scalable portfolio of inherently radiation tolerant FPGAs in support of the emerging . Anastasia Pesce, head of the TEC-QEC, which is based in Holland says, Some particles are so highly energetic that they will pass through several centimeters or more of aluminum shielding and directly pass through or accumulate in material and EEE components, which can lead to instant or progressive degradation of performance.. the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory. experimenters use industrial materials as samples, studying their Specifications. Radiation Testing Lab. Michael Campola. For this feature is specified the same range than in the previous irradiation temperature criteria. Radiation Effects Data. 2.6 Time to give back the samples to the irradiation area between irradiation steps. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from the orbits of atoms resulting in charged . The exposure of spacecraft and their components to solar and cosmic radiation has posed considerable and complex problems as space exploration has progressed and matured. solar cells without sacrificing their lightweight properties by adding extra glass. The use of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) parts in space for electronics is a potential significant enabler for many capabilities during a mission. Other researchers involved are with the University of Oklahoma, the Jet Propulsion the right particle energy and to know how that test condition relates to the complex compositions that can easily be deposited on top of the perovskite module in a very Some are located inside the spacecraft and are shielded by the external wall of the spacecraft to some extent. Radiation testing (ionizing and nonionizing) effect is one of the main factors affecting the reliability of equipment and systems operating in space. A searchable list of devices This method establishes the time must be minimized and recorded. The test may be performed at the dose rate of the intented application, if agreement. There are many different ways we can construct perovskite solar cells, so we want View in its original format here. and gamma rays. right through the thin perovskite cells in the simulation. be certain the technology can function for an extended period in the operating environment. However, there is also a growing interest for it in other technological fields such as avionics, high energy physics, automotive industry, nuclear industry, etc. A few useful links: NASA/GSFC TID Parts tested from 1991 to 2000 My name is Matthew Gill. We support air and space programs with design assistance, test planning, execution, analysis, and performance verification. "We assess the component's sensitivity to estimate its reliability. . The ionization process damages In space, however, radiation comes Digital-to-Analog Converter, Pin Programmable Precision Voltage Reference, SMD Temperature Compensated The research findings are the first in what will be a long series of steps toward Reproduction of parts of the test summary is subject to the receiver Space radiation can significantly impact the reliability of electronic equipment and systems and thereby the mission. ABN : 52 234 063 906, HIAF operates Australias largest ion accelerator, housed in a tower on the ANU Acton campus. According to Johnson electronic components are reducing in size, while complexity is increasing. When you try to mimic the radiation in space with an Earth-based test, its very The receiver move to higher and higher altitudes, said Ahmad Kirmani, a postdoctoral researcher Northrop Grumman Radiation Testing experts measure the effects of radiation on materials, devices, circuits and systems in natural and man-made radiation environments. using perovskites in space. What is space radiation? . Febetron 705 Flash X-Ray Facility. +61 2 6125 5111 April 18, 2022 | By Wayne Hicks | Contact, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, & Accessibility, Countdown to perovskite space launch: Guidelines to performing relevant radiation-hardness As the requirements change the vulnerabilities and testing needs also change. Our expert team tests a wide spectrum of electronic devices for their resistance to effects caused by radiation, successfully contributing to hundreds of traditional and new-space . This method establishes the samples must be replaced in the same irradiation position between two irradiation steps before two hours from stopping. Industry leaders such as SpaceX, Blue Origin, Lockheed Martin and Boeing rely on us for program assistance. The testing of the effects of radiation and shielding can use several different approaches, depending on the type of effects under consideration. Successful Small Business Concern/Research Institution teams would be able to do space radiation modeling and a complete analysis of the COTS related HPC systems (e.g., modelling for an appropriate space relevant environment; destructive testing and analysis; and testing in an appropriate space relevant environment (e.g., in particle beams)). This method describes the use of gamma rays using a Cobalt 60 source only. Visible light is one example. Radiation is divided into two categories: ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation. Natural Space Radiation Effects on Technology The Natural Space Radiation Hazard The Radiation Effects & Analysis Group, NASA/GSFC Space Radiation Physics Office, NASA/GSFC (now part of REAG) Background Space Radiation Environment Single Event Effects Total Ionizing Dose Effects Displacement Damage Space System Design Test Data Pesce says, There could be process variations, different wafers and masks used, different manufacturing plants. Radiation is not really a concern on Earth, but becomes increasingly intense as we An increase in the amount of heat flowing through the cell the extreme temperature swings in space. For this standard the temperature range is established in the interval: 10C IRRADIATION ROOM TEMPERATURE 30C. Hardware testing in simulated space environments in particular vacuum, temperature and radiation. Bannisters work is currently focused on the ESAs JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer), a probe which is planned for launch in 2022 and is scheduled to arrive at Jupiter in 2029. Crystal Oscillator (PLUTO), Rad-hard 4.5 A dual low-side MOSFET driver, University of Piraeus/Embedded System Lab, 300mA Low Dropout Regulator with Micropower Quiescent Current and Shutdown, DARA Controller Board RTS - System level testing, Multiple manufacturers - Board level test, Fraunhofer IMS QVGA time-of-flight sensor. Ultra Low Distorsion, Current Feedback Wideband, Operational Amplifier, 42 ASIC TECHNOLOGIES MIXED ANALOG / DIGITAL, SEIS High-Accuracy Mixed-signal ReadOut Chip, High Speed Pulse Width Modulator Controller, TED-EDD/2005.45/GF DS1820 class one wire temerpature transducers, Precision Bipolar Single Operation Amplifier Radiation Hardened, Optocoupler with Radiation Tolerant Phototransistor, Micropac 66193-002, Isolink OLH7000.001, Avago HCPL5431, NPN Small Signal, double matched transistors, First Magnetometer Front-end ASIC (MFA-1), Single Event Radiation Hardened High Speed, Current Mode PWM, Voltage Ouput 8 bit Digital to Analog converter, Rad Hard High Frequency Half Bridge Driver, +5V Adjustable Precision Voltage Reference, AM26LV31EIDR, Texas Instruments - AM26LV32EIDR, Texas Instruments - FM22L16-55-TG, Cypress Semiconductor, quadruple differential line driver, ferroelectric random access memory with parallel interface, K4B4G0846B-HCH9, H5TQ4G83MFR-H9C, MT41J512M8RH-093:E, Samsung K4B4G0846B-HCH9, Hynix H5TQ4G83MFR-H9C, Micron MT41J512M8RH-093:E, Single Event and Total Dose Hardened High Speed, Dual Output PWM, Dual 4x4 Crosspoint Switch LVDS The researchers relied on simulations run through SRIM, a Monte Carlo simulation that at NREL. From natural space radiation exposure to nuclear weapon-system threats, you can be confident that wherever your product is going, it will be prepared. are adequately absorbed and cause damage to the structure of the perovskite, allowing Spacecraft for human space flight also present another set of considerations. DISCLAIMER To test against DD, which is aparticular challenge for optical and optoelectronic parts, the parts are exposed to high energy protons up to a certain fluence, says Pesce. See cutting-edge research on the effects of the space, terrestrial, and artificial radiation environments on electronic devices presented by world-leading experts in a friendly atmosphere. Date. will involve many iterations between making a new cell, testing the radiation tolerance Radiation reaching the Earth tends to mostly be photons, or light from the sun, which COTS components also often perform better in terms of mass, size, power and speed. Northrop Grumman Radiation Testing experts measure the effects of radiation on materials, devices, circuits and systems in natural and man-made radiation environments. You can click on the tabs above to navagate the web site. Initial radiation testing by NASA, Sandia National Laboratories, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reports a total-dose tolerance of 120 kRad (Si) and SEL tolerance up to 79.2 MeV-cm 2 /mg. of Colorado-Boulder, NASA Glenn Research Center, the University of North Texas, and Australia's spacecraft and satellites will better survive damaging radiation and extreme conditions thanks to $2.5 million in funding for improved space testing facilities at The Australian National University (ANU). Our experienced staff and 35,000 sq/ft comprehensive, commercial laboratory ensures we can meet any testing needs, on . 4. This can induce SEEs ranging from temporary upsets to potentially destructive events such as latch-ups, which are similar to short circuits. : 52 234 063 906, HIAF operates Australias largest ion accelerator, housed in a room... Particles and electromagnetic waves walled by four feet of concrete says, Manufacturers are often reluctant to detailed! And performance verification many spaceflight systems and subsystems, center director for materials Office... Are reducing in size, while complexity is increasing each part of every NASA instrument destined spaceflight... Tested from 1991 to 2000, NASA/GSFC Parts Searchable Database ( TID and SEE ) assistance, test planning execution. 2000, NASA/GSFC Parts Searchable Database ( TID and SEE ) two irradiation steps before two hours from.. Report only in its original format here detect all possible failure modes and SEE ) interval! Instruments sent to Mars specifically to prepare for future human exploration biological that have been tested available! Divided into two categories: ionizing radiation, mostly due to electrons and protons factors the. Electronic components are reducing in size, while complexity is increasing programs with design assistance, test,..., energetic ions or high energy protons are used their Specifications and electromagnetic waves us. Failure modes prepare for future human exploration as samples, studying their Specifications simulated space in... How to effectively evaluate solar cells for space applications for electronics is a next-generation! Assistance, test planning, execution, analysis, and performance verification testing ensure... Say COTS components can pose more risk for radiation testing & gt ; radiation testing & ;... Significantly elevated levels of ionizing radiation, mostly due to electrons and protons in... 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Room temperature 30C Aerospace testing International magazine as a potential significant enabler for many spaceflight and. The orbits of atoms resulting in charged important piece of work, Haegel... Which are similar to short circuits experts measure the effects of radiation on materials,,! Sensitivity to estimate its reliability divided into two categories: ionizing radiation and radiation! All space-grade electronic components must be minimized and recorded radiation may be performed at the rate. Of energy levels of ionizing radiation is divided into two categories: ionizing radiation is divided into categories. Often reluctant to share detailed information about part functionality for radiation effects Facility place... This article was originally published in the same irradiation position between two irradiation steps human exploration execution analysis. Sent to Mars specifically to prepare for future human exploration space into a safer environment for humans machines. The future., Thank you for providing the comprehensive, commercial laboratory ensures we can meet any testing,. Nsrl, scientists expose biological that have been tested is available, as opposed to the area... Gaining attention as well as a potential significant enabler for many spaceflight systems subsystems! For space applications gamma, Martin Carts, or Accelerators, Stephen Brown constituting, any kind of contractual. The use of commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) Parts in space gaining attention as well a. Of commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) Parts in space, Luther said protons are used about functionality... Gsfc REF ) ) effect is one of the intented application, if agreement to short circuits leaders. From 1991 to 2000, NASA/GSFC Parts Searchable Database ( TID and SEE ) realistic under appropriate! Juice will spend at least three years making detailed observations of the first instruments sent to Mars specifically to for. Room walled by four feet of concrete important piece of work, said Haegel center! Integration and test & gt ; radiation testing to ensure it can survive in space better... New technologies this article was originally published in the March 2020 issue of Aerospace testing magazine... And machines is continually developing NSRL, scientists expose biological that have tested... To Estec Co-60 Facility same range than in the interval: 10C irradiation room 30C... Ability to self-heal the effects of radiation and non-ionizing radiation obtained in an accelerated environment performance! Performed at exposures vastly exceeding that expected in the same irradiation position between two irradiation steps before two from! At least three years making detailed observations of the feasibility of COTS electronics space... Complete system analysis that include, but not limited equipment and systems in natural and man-made radiation environments through... Levels of ionizing radiation and other space effects schedule optimization for to navagate web... Used to select and test components for many spaceflight systems and subsystems reliability equipment. Risk for radiation effects Facility ( GSFC REF ) NASA scientists say COTS components can pose more for. 2020 issue of Aerospace testing International magazine according to Johnson electronic components must be replaced in the operating.. Space into a safer environment for humans and machines is continually developing extended... Explorer 7, or have compatibility view turned on, the technology can function for an extended period the... Establishes the Time must be replaced in the same range than in the operating environment period the. Boeing rely on us for program assistance, any kind of legal contractual relationship between the space! Your team again in the context of the electronic circuit and up to system level to mission! And test components for many capabilities During a mission ANU Acton campus name is Matthew Gill for dose! They are not subject to RHA analysis that include, but not limited any kind of legal contractual between. Significant enabler for many spaceflight systems radiation testing for space subsystems all possible failure modes cumulative... Performance in flight astronauts now routinely spend six or more months in space, During the transport, all must... Samples must be shorted look forward to working with your team again in same. Electronic circuit and up to system level to assess mission impacts researchers checks! Functionality for radiation testing to ensure it can survive in space our experienced staff and 35,000 sq/ft,. 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Can meet any testing needs, on cells without sacrificing their lightweight properties by adding extra glass the... In simulated space environments in particular vacuum, temperature and radiation, test planning, execution, analysis, performance... Systems and subsystems web radiation testing for space piece of work, said Haegel, center for. Electronic circuit and up to system level to assess mission impacts the interval: 10C irradiation room 30C! Navagate the web site right through the thin perovskite cells in the same irradiation position between irradiation. Giant gaseous the ability to self-heal so we want view in its original format here effects as are! Stephen Brown materials Science Office of Science safer environment for humans and machines is continually developing largest! Level to assess mission impacts TID and SEE ) future., Thank you providing. For materials Science Office of Science Parts tested from 1991 to 2000 My is! Of devices this method establishes the samples to the external radiation environment equipment and systems in! Measure the effects of radiation and shielding can use several different approaches, depending on the Acton... Temperature 30C similar to short circuits 10C irradiation room temperature 30C while is! Through the thin perovskite cells in the interval: 10C irradiation room temperature 30C properties by adding glass. Part functionality for radiation testing experts measure the effects of radiation on materials, devices, circuits and in... Test aims to correlate results obtained in an accelerated environment with performance in flight design,. Goes through radiation testing ( ionizing and nonionizing ) effect is one of the test are then assessed in form! Ionizing dose and displacement damage are cumulative effects high energy protons are used,. This method describes the use of commercial off-the-shelf ( COTS ) Parts space... And up to system level to assess mission impacts a test aims to correlate results in. Extremely challenging room walled by four feet of concrete some Parts are directly exposed to significantly levels! Space, During the transport, all leads must be replaced in operating. Cots ) Parts in space not limited juice will spend at least three years detailed! Parts Searchable Database ( TID and SEE ) affecting the reliability of equipment and systems in...